How to configure Policy Based Routing

Policy-based routing can be used to change the next hop IP address for traffic matching certain criteria. This can be useful to overrule your routing table for certain traffic types. I will show you how to configure policy based routing.

Configuration

here’s the topology that we will use:

Take a look at the topology picture above. OSPF is configured on all routers. Since we are using Gigabit interfaces everywhere, traffic from R1 destined to 4.4.4.4 would normally be load balanced between R2 and R3. However, I changed the cost on the Gigabit Ethernet 0/3 interface of R1 so that all traffic will go from R1 > R2 > R4.

hostname H1
!
no ip routing
!
no ip cef
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.1.100 255.255.255.0
!
ip default-gateway 192.168.1.254
!
end

hostname R1
!
ip cef
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.1.254 255.255.255.0
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
 ip address 192.168.12.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/3
 ip address 192.168.13.1 255.255.255.0
 ip ospf cost 1000
!
router ospf 1
 network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
 network 192.168.12.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
 network 192.168.13.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
!
end

hostname R2
!
ip cef
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.12.2 255.255.255.0
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
 ip address 192.168.24.2 255.255.255.0
!
router ospf 1
 network 192.168.12.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
 network 192.168.24.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
!
end

hostname R3
!
ip cef
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
 no ip address
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.13.3 255.255.255.0
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
 ip address 192.168.34.3 255.255.255.0
!
router ospf 1
 network 192.168.13.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
 network 192.168.34.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
!
end

hostname R4
!
ip cef
!
interface Loopback0
 ip address 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.255
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.24.4 255.255.255.0
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
 ip address 192.168.34.4 255.255.255.0
!
router ospf 1
 network 4.4.4.4 0.0.0.0 area 0
 network 192.168.24.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
 network 192.168.34.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
!
end

Let’s verify this:

R1#show ip ospf interface GigabitEthernet 0/2 | include Cost:
  Process ID 1, Router ID 192.168.13.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1

R1#show ip ospf interface GigabitEthernet 0/3 | include Cost:
  Process ID 1, Router ID 192.168.13.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1000

Above you can see the increased cost. Let’s try a quick traceroute from H1:

H1#traceroute 4.4.4.4 probe 1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Tracing the route to 4.4.4.4
VRF info: (vrf in name/id, vrf out name/id)
  1 192.168.1.254 7 msec
  2 192.168.12.2 6 msec
  3 192.168.24.4 8 msec

Now let’s say that I want to use the link in between R1 and R3 to reach 4.4.4.4. I could influence the metric for OSPF, but this applies to all traffic. What if I wanted to use this link for certain traffic only?

We could use the link in between R1/R2 for the majority of our traffic and use the link between R1/R3 only for certain traffic. This can be very useful. For example, imagine that the link between R1/R3 is a dedicated link that offers QoS for VoIP traffic.

This is something we can achieve with PBR (Policy Based Routing) Let me show you how!

Right now, all traffic is sent towards R2:

R1#show ip route | include 4.4.4.4
O        4.4.4.4 [110/3] via 192.168.12.2, 00:16:48, GigabitEthernet0/2

Now let’s say that we want all ICMP traffic from H1 destined for 4.4.4.4 to cross the link between R1/R3. Here’s how to do this:

R1(config)#ip access-list extended ICMP_H1
R1(config-ext-nacl)#permit icmp host 192.168.1.100 host 4.4.4.4

First, I create an access-list that matches my traffic. Now we have to create a route-map:

R1(config)#route-map PBR_H1 permit 10
R1(config-route-map)#match ip address ICMP_H1
R1(config-route-map)#set ip next-hop 192.168.13.3

Whenever the traffic matches the access-list, we will change the next hop to 192.168.13.3 (R3).

Last but not least, let’s activate it:

R1(config)#interface GigabitEthernet 0/1
R1(config-if)#ip policy route-map PBR_H1 

Let’s see if it works, to see it in action I will enable a debug on R1:

R1#debug ip policy 
Policy routing debugging is on

Now let’s send a ping from H1:

H1#ping 4.4.4.4 repeat 1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 1, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 4.4.4.4, timeout is 2 seconds:
!
Success rate is 100 percent (1/1), round-trip min/avg/max = 13/13/13 ms

The ping is working, let’s see what R1 thinks of it:

R1#
IP: s=192.168.1.100 (GigabitEthernet0/1), d=4.4.4.4, len 100, FIB policy match
IP: s=192.168.1.100 (GigabitEthernet0/1), d=4.4.4.4, len 100, PBR_H1 Counted
IP: s=192.168.1.100 (GigabitEthernet0/1), d=4.4.4.4, g=192.168.13.3, len 100, FIB policy routed

Above you can see that it has been policy routed towards 192.168.13.3. We can also verify this by looking at the route-map:

R1#show route-map PBR_H1
route-map PBR_H1, permit, sequence 10
  Match clauses:
    ip address (access-lists): ICMP_H1 
  Set clauses:
    ip next-hop 192.168.13.3
Nexthop tracking current: 0.0.0.0
192.168.13.3, fib_nh:0,oce:0,status:0

  Policy routing matches: 1 packets, 114 bytes

Let’s try some traffic that doesn’t match our access-list. Telnet for example:

H1#telnet 4.4.4.4
Trying 4.4.4.4 ... Open

H1 is able to connect but it’s not policy routed:

R1#
IP: s=192.168.1.100 (GigabitEthernet0/1), d=4.4.4.4, len 40, FIB policy rejected(no match) - normal forwarding

As you can see above, this telnet traffic is routed using the normal path.

There is one more thing I’d like to show you. With policy-based routing, there is a difference between traffic that is going through the router and traffic that is originated from the router.

The example above is for traffic that went through our router. What if we want to policy route traffic that is originated from R1? We will have to use another command to activate it. Let’s create another route-map:

R1(config)#ip access-list extended ICMP_R1
R1(config-ext-nacl)#permit icmp host 192.168.12.1 host 4.4.4.4
R1(config-ext-nacl)#permit icmp host 192.168.13.1 host 4.4.4.4 

R1(config)#route-map PBR_R1 permit 10
R1(config-route-map)#match ip address ICMP_R1
R1(config-route-map)#set ip next-hop 192.168.13.3

The route-map above will redirect all traffic from R1 to 4.4.4.4 towards R3. To activate this, we need to use another command:

R1(config)#ip local policy route-map PBR_R1

This time, we need to use the ip local policy command. Let’s test this:

R1#ping 4.4.4.4 repeat 1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 1, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 4.4.4.4, timeout is 2 seconds:
!
Success rate is 100 percent (1/1), round-trip min/avg/max = 19/19/19 ms

R1#
IP: s=192.168.12.1 (local), d=4.4.4.4, len 100, policy match
IP: route map PBR_R1, item 10, permit
IP: s=192.168.12.1 (local), d=4.4.4.4 (GigabitEthernet0/3), len 100, policy routed
IP: local to GigabitEthernet0/3 192.168.13.3

Great, our traffic from R1 is policy routed.

hostname H1
!
no ip routing
!
no ip cef
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.1.100 255.255.255.0
!
ip default-gateway 192.168.1.254
!
end

hostname R1
!
ip cef
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.1.254 255.255.255.0
 ip policy route-map PBR_H1
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
 ip address 192.168.12.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/3
 ip address 192.168.13.1 255.255.255.0
 ip ospf cost 1000
!
router ospf 1
 network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
 network 192.168.12.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
 network 192.168.13.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
!
ip local policy route-map PBR_R1
!
ip access-list extended ICMP_H1
 permit icmp host 192.168.1.100 host 4.4.4.4
ip access-list extended ICMP_R1
 permit icmp host 192.168.12.1 host 4.4.4.4
 permit icmp host 192.168.13.1 host 4.4.4.4
!
route-map PBR_H1 permit 10
 match ip address ICMP_H1
 set ip next-hop 192.168.13.3
!
route-map PBR_R1 permit 10
 match ip address ICMP_R1
 set ip next-hop 192.168.13.3
!
end

hostname R2
!
ip cef
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.12.2 255.255.255.0
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
 ip address 192.168.24.2 255.255.255.0
!
router ospf 1
 network 192.168.12.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
 network 192.168.24.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
!
end

hostname R3
!
ip cef
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.13.3 255.255.255.0
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
 ip address 192.168.34.3 255.255.255.0
!
router ospf 1
 network 192.168.13.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
 network 192.168.34.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
!
end

hostname R4
!
ip cef
!
interface Loopback0
 ip address 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.255
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
 ip address 192.168.24.4 255.255.255.0
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
 ip address 192.168.34.4 255.255.255.0
!
router ospf 1
 network 4.4.4.4 0.0.0.0 area 0
 network 192.168.24.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
 network 192.168.34.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
!
line vty 0 4
 login
 transport input telnet
!
end

Conclusion

Policy-based routing allows us to overrule the global routing table for traffic that matches our access-list. This can be a great way to redirect traffic for certain applications. To activate PBR, there is a difference for traffic that is going through the router or that is originated by the router:

• Use the ip policy command under the interface for traffic that is going through the router.
• Use the ip policy local command globally for traffic that is originated by the router.